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A modal verb (also 'modal', 'modal auxiliary verb', 'modal auxiliary') is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality – that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation.〔Palmer, F.R., ''Mood and Modality'', Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 33〕 Examples include the English verbs ''can''/''could'', ''may''/''might'', ''must'', ''will''/''would'', and ''shall''/''should''. In English and other Germanic languages, modal verbs are often distinguished as a class based on certain grammatical properties. ==Function== A modal auxiliary verb gives information about the function of the main verb that it governs. Modals have a wide variety of communicative functions, but these functions can generally be related to a scale ranging from possibility ("may") to necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality: *epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical ''possibility of propositions being true or not true'' (including likelihood and certainty) *deontic modality, concerned with ''possibility and necessity in terms of freedom to act'' (including permission and duty) *dynamic modality,〔(A Short Overview of English Syntax (Rodney Huddleston) ), section 6.5d〕 which may be distinguished from deontic modality, in that with dynamic modality, the conditioning factors are ''internal'' – the subject's own ability or willingness to act〔Palmer, ''op. cit.'', p. 70. The subsequent text shows that the intended definitions were transposed.〕 The following sentences illustrate epistemic and deontic uses of the English modal verb ''must'': *epistemic: ''You must be starving.'' ("It is necessarily the case that you are starving.") *deontic: ''You must leave now.'' ("You are required to leave now.") An ambiguous case is ''You must speak Spanish.'' The primary meaning would be the deontic meaning ("You are required to speak Spanish.") but this may be intended epistemically ("It is surely the case that you speak Spanish.") Epistemic modals can be analyzed as raising verbs, while deontic modals can be analyzed as control verbs. Epistemic usages of modals tend to develop from deontic usages.〔Bybee,Joan; Perkins, Revere; and Pagliuca, William. ''The Evolution of Grammar'', Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994, pp.192-199〕 For example, the inferred certainty sense of English ''must'' developed after the strong obligation sense; the probabilistic sense of ''should'' developed after the weak obligation sense; and the possibility senses of ''may'' and ''can'' developed later than the permission or ability sense. Two typical sequences of evolution of modal meanings are: *internal mental ability → internal ability → root possibility (internal or external ability) → permission and epistemic possibility *obligation → probability 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Modal verb」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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